Содержание
Text 1. Read the text and do tasks after it.
Contemporary Russia: the fall and rise of the market economy
1) A recent survey compared the cost of living for expatriates in cities around the world. Not surprisingly, the top ten most expensive cities included Tokyo, London and New York. But more expensive than any of these was Moscow! Less than two decades ago Moscow was the heart of the world's biggest planned economy. There was no property for sale back then. The state-run shops had few consumer goods. Shortages for simple things like shoes were common. Today, things could not be more different. Moscow is the centre of a free market with some of the highest property prices in the world. The state-run shops have been replaced by expensive shopping centers and designer stores. But the change has not been easy.
2) The figures for Russia's real gross domestic product since 1991, when the economic reforms began, show that the economy has been on quite a14 roller-coaster ride. In 1991 GDP was over $350 billion. That fell dramatically year after year until 1998, when GDP was just over $220 billion. However, the situation improved again from '98. In fact, Russia's GDP increased steadily year after year from 1999 until 2006 when it reached around $740 billion. What caused such a change of fortunes?
3) Changing over to a completely different economic system could never be painless. The Russian government of the early 1990s decided to use a shock therapy approach. They introduced severe fiscal and monetary policies. The government drastically reduced its spending. It cut subsidies to its crumbling state industries. Interest rates and taxes were raised.Government price controls on nearly all consumer goods were lifted. Only prices for staple goods like food and energy remained controlled by the government. New laws were introduced to allow private ownership and businesses to exist. All of these measures were intended to create conditions for a market economy to grow. However, they also caused great hardship for ordinary people. Most workers at that time were on fixed incomes.
4) The measures caused the cost of living to rise, but their salaries did not rise at the same rate. To make matters worse, events in the banking system in 1992caused the money supply to balloon. This resulted in hyperinflation levels of 2,000%. Despite Russia's enormous reserves of oil and gas, the economy went into a long and difficult depression.
5) Finally, in 1998, when an economic crisis hit the East Asian Tigers, oil prices began to fall around the world. For Russia, it turned a depression into an economic crisis. However, from 1999, world oil prices began to rise again. Mostly with money earned from energy exports, Russia began to pay off its foreign debts. Inflation fell and the value of the rouble stabilized. The economy was recovering. GDP grew steadily year after year, and foreign investors began to show confidence in investing in the country. Moscow's place at the top of the list of the world's most expensive cities is not enviable. However, it is a clear sign that the Russian economy has survived a difficult time.
2. Comprehension
Now read the text again and match each paragraph with the correct heading.
PARAGRAPH 1
PARAGRAPH 2
PARAGRAPH 3
PARAGRAPH 4
PARAGRAPH 5
A Recovery
B Drastic measures
C Ups and downs
D Hard times
E Then and now
3. Vocabulary
Match the words and phrases with the definitions.
1 expatriate L someone who live and works away from their home country
2 consumer goods I things that people buy but don't really need
3 state-run E managed by the government
4 hardship K very difficult times-poverty
5 reform C change
6 severe F very strict or cruel
7 subsidy B financial help from the government for a business
8 crumbling J falling apart or collapsing
9 staple goods G basic things like food that everyone needs
10 fixed incomes M salaries or pensions that do not grow with inflation
11 to balloon H to grow very big very quickly
12 hyperinflation A very high inflation
13 enviable D something that other people want
14 stabilize N become steady, unchanging
4. Translate in writing
1 In Moscow in the 1990s, state-run shops with few consumer goods were replaced by expensive shopping centers. The city has become one of the most expensive cities in the world.
2 At the beginning of the 1990s the Russian government used a 'shock therapy' approach. Severe fiscal and monetary measures were introduced. Government controls over prices for all consumer goods except for staple goods were lifted.
3 In the period before the crisis, taxes and interest rates were raised and subsidies to state interest were cut. Events in the banking system caused the money supply to balloon.
4 The Soviet Union traded mainly with the Comecon countries. Primary products and energy resources were traded under full control of foreign trade prices.
5 Russia's foreign trade turnover has been rising lately with exports growing in value much faster than imports.
6 Russia export primary products: oil, natural gas, timber, metals, steel, fish. Oil and gas make up about two-thirds of Russia's exports.
7 Most manufacturing industries are uncompetitive and run-down. That is why it is necessary to invest oil money in infrastructure and capital
5. Remember the words and expression from the text
1) market economy-рыночная экономика
2) expensive (city)-дорогой (город)
3) planned economy-плановая экономика
4) state-run shops-государственные магазины
5) consumer goods-потребительские товары
6) shortage-нехватка, дефицит
7) highest prices –самые высокие цены
8) gross domestic product (GDP)-валовый внутренний продукт(ВВП)
9) economic reforms-экономические реформы
10) fiscal & monetary policy-налогово-бюджетная политика
11) reduce spending-уменьшать расходы
12) interest rates-процентная ставка
13) taxes-налоги
14) stable goods-основные продукты питания, товары первой необходимости
15) foreign debt-иностранный долг
16) value of rouble- ценность рубля
17) inflation-инфляция
18) investor-инвестор
19) investment-инвестиция
20) cost of living-стоимость жизни
Выдержка из текста
Text 1. Read the text and do tasks after it.
Contemporary Russia: the fall and rise of the market economy
1) A recent survey compared the cost of living for expatriates in cities around the world. Not surprisingly, the top ten most expensive cities included Tokyo, London and New York. But more expensive than any of these was Moscow! Less than two decades ago Moscow was the heart of the world's biggest planned economy. There was no property for sale back then. The state-run shops had few consumer goods. Shortages for simple things like shoes were common. Today, things could not be more different. Moscow is the centre of a free market with some of the highest property prices in the world. The state-run shops have been replaced by expensive shopping centers and designer stores. But the change has not been easy.
2) The figures for Russia's real gross domestic product since 1991, when the economic reforms began, show that the economy has been on quite a14 roller-coaster ride. In 1991 GDP was over $350 billion. That fell dramatically year after year until 1998, when GDP was just over $220 billion. However, the situation improved again from '98. In fact, Russia's GDP increased steadily year after year from 1999 until 2006 when it reached around $740 billion. What caused such a change of fortunes?
3) Changing over to a completely different economic system could never be painless. The Russian government of the early 1990s decided to use a shock therapy approach. They introduced severe fiscal and monetary policies. The government drastically reduced its spending. It cut subsidies to its crumbling state industries. Interest rates and taxes were raised.Government price controls on nearly all consumer goods were lifted. Only prices for staple goods like food and energy remained controlled by the government. New laws were introduced to allow private ownership and businesses to exist. All of these measures were intended to create conditions for a market economy to grow. However, they also caused great hardship for ordinary people. Most workers at that time were on fixed incomes.
4) The measures caused the cost of living to rise, but their salaries did not rise at the same rate. To make matters worse, events in the banking system in 1992caused the money supply to balloon. This resulted in hyperinflation levels of 2,000%. Despite Russia's enormous reserves of oil and gas, the economy went into a long and difficult depression.
5) Finally, in 1998, when an economic crisis hit the East Asian Tigers, oil prices began to fall around the world. For Russia, it turned a depression into an economic crisis. However, from 1999, world oil prices began to rise again. Mostly with money earned from energy exports, Russia began to pay off its foreign debts. Inflation fell and the value of the rouble stabilized. The economy was recovering. GDP grew steadily year after year, and foreign investors began to show confidence in investing in the country. Moscow's place at the top of the list of the world's most expensive cities is not enviable. However, it is a clear sign that the Russian economy has survived a difficult time.
2. Comprehension
Now read the text again and match each paragraph with the correct heading.
PARAGRAPH 1
PARAGRAPH 2
PARAGRAPH 3
PARAGRAPH 4
PARAGRAPH 5
A Recovery
B Drastic measures
C Ups and downs
D Hard times
E Then and now
3. Vocabulary
Match the words and phrases with the definitions.
1 expatriate L someone who live and works away from their home country
2 consumer goods I things that people buy but don't really need
3 state-run E managed by the government
4 hardship K very difficult times-poverty
5 reform C change
6 severe F very strict or cruel
7 subsidy B financial help from the government for a business
8 crumbling J falling apart or collapsing
9 staple goods G basic things like food that everyone needs
10 fixed incomes M salaries or pensions that do not grow with inflation
11 to balloon H to grow very big very quickly
12 hyperinflation A very high inflation
13 enviable D something that other people want
14 stabilize N become steady, unchanging
4. Translate in writing
1 In Moscow in the 1990s, state-run shops with few consumer goods were replaced by expensive shopping centers. The city has become one of the most expensive cities in the world.
2 At the beginning of the 1990s the Russian government used a 'shock therapy' approach. Severe fiscal and monetary measures were introduced. Government controls over prices for all consumer goods except for staple goods were lifted.
3 In the period before the crisis, taxes and interest rates were raised and subsidies to state interest were cut. Events in the banking system caused the money supply to balloon.
4 The Soviet Union traded mainly with the Comecon countries. Primary products and energy resources were traded under full control of foreign trade prices.
5 Russia's foreign trade turnover has been rising lately with exports growing in value much faster than imports.
6 Russia export primary products: oil, natural gas, timber, metals, steel, fish. Oil and gas make up about two-thirds of Russia's exports.
7 Most manufacturing industries are uncompetitive and run-down. That is why it is necessary to invest oil money in infrastructure and capital
5. Remember the words and expression from the text
1) market economy-рыночная экономика
2) expensive (city)-дорогой (город)
3) planned economy-плановая экономика
4) state-run shops-государственные магазины
5) consumer goods-потребительские товары
6) shortage-нехватка, дефицит
7) highest prices –самые высокие цены
8) gross domestic product (GDP)-валовый внутренний продукт(ВВП)
9) economic reforms-экономические реформы
10) fiscal & monetary policy-налогово-бюджетная политика
11) reduce spending-уменьшать расходы
12) interest rates-процентная ставка
13) taxes-налоги
14) stable goods-основные продукты питания, товары первой необходимости
15) foreign debt-иностранный долг
16) value of rouble- ценность рубля
17) inflation-инфляция
18) investor-инвестор
19) investment-инвестиция
20) cost of living-стоимость жизни
Список использованной литературы
Text 1. Read the text and do tasks after it.
Contemporary Russia: the fall and rise of the market economy
1) A recent survey compared the cost of living for expatriates in cities around the world. Not surprisingly, the top ten most expensive cities included Tokyo, London and New York. But more expensive than any of these was Moscow! Less than two decades ago Moscow was the heart of the world's biggest planned economy. There was no property for sale back then. The state-run shops had few consumer goods. Shortages for simple things like shoes were common. Today, things could not be more different. Moscow is the centre of a free market with some of the highest property prices in the world. The state-run shops have been replaced by expensive shopping centers and designer stores. But the change has not been easy.
2) The figures for Russia's real gross domestic product since 1991, when the economic reforms began, show that the economy has been on quite a14 roller-coaster ride. In 1991 GDP was over $350 billion. That fell dramatically year after year until 1998, when GDP was just over $220 billion. However, the situation improved again from '98. In fact, Russia's GDP increased steadily year after year from 1999 until 2006 when it reached around $740 billion. What caused such a change of fortunes?
3) Changing over to a completely different economic system could never be painless. The Russian government of the early 1990s decided to use a shock therapy approach. They introduced severe fiscal and monetary policies. The government drastically reduced its spending. It cut subsidies to its crumbling state industries. Interest rates and taxes were raised.Government price controls on nearly all consumer goods were lifted. Only prices for staple goods like food and energy remained controlled by the government. New laws were introduced to allow private ownership and businesses to exist. All of these measures were intended to create conditions for a market economy to grow. However, they also caused great hardship for ordinary people. Most workers at that time were on fixed incomes.
4) The measures caused the cost of living to rise, but their salaries did not rise at the same rate. To make matters worse, events in the banking system in 1992caused the money supply to balloon. This resulted in hyperinflation levels of 2,000%. Despite Russia's enormous reserves of oil and gas, the economy went into a long and difficult depression.
5) Finally, in 1998, when an economic crisis hit the East Asian Tigers, oil prices began to fall around the world. For Russia, it turned a depression into an economic crisis. However, from 1999, world oil prices began to rise again. Mostly with money earned from energy exports, Russia began to pay off its foreign debts. Inflation fell and the value of the rouble stabilized. The economy was recovering. GDP grew steadily year after year, and foreign investors began to show confidence in investing in the country. Moscow's place at the top of the list of the world's most expensive cities is not enviable. However, it is a clear sign that the Russian economy has survived a difficult time.
2. Comprehension
Now read the text again and match each paragraph with the correct heading.
PARAGRAPH 1
PARAGRAPH 2
PARAGRAPH 3
PARAGRAPH 4
PARAGRAPH 5
A Recovery
B Drastic measures
C Ups and downs
D Hard times
E Then and now
3. Vocabulary
Match the words and phrases with the definitions.
1 expatriate L someone who live and works away from their home country
2 consumer goods I things that people buy but don't really need
3 state-run E managed by the government
4 hardship K very difficult times-poverty
5 reform C change
6 severe F very strict or cruel
7 subsidy B financial help from the government for a business
8 crumbling J falling apart or collapsing
9 staple goods G basic things like food that everyone needs
10 fixed incomes M salaries or pensions that do not grow with inflation
11 to balloon H to grow very big very quickly
12 hyperinflation A very high inflation
13 enviable D something that other people want
14 stabilize N become steady, unchanging
4. Translate in writing
1 In Moscow in the 1990s, state-run shops with few consumer goods were replaced by expensive shopping centers. The city has become one of the most expensive cities in the world.
2 At the beginning of the 1990s the Russian government used a 'shock therapy' approach. Severe fiscal and monetary measures were introduced. Government controls over prices for all consumer goods except for staple goods were lifted.
3 In the period before the crisis, taxes and interest rates were raised and subsidies to state interest were cut. Events in the banking system caused the money supply to balloon.
4 The Soviet Union traded mainly with the Comecon countries. Primary products and energy resources were traded under full control of foreign trade prices.
5 Russia's foreign trade turnover has been rising lately with exports growing in value much faster than imports.
6 Russia export primary products: oil, natural gas, timber, metals, steel, fish. Oil and gas make up about two-thirds of Russia's exports.
7 Most manufacturing industries are uncompetitive and run-down. That is why it is necessary to invest oil money in infrastructure and capital
5. Remember the words and expression from the text
1) market economy-рыночная экономика
2) expensive (city)-дорогой (город)
3) planned economy-плановая экономика
4) state-run shops-государственные магазины
5) consumer goods-потребительские товары
6) shortage-нехватка, дефицит
7) highest prices –самые высокие цены
8) gross domestic product (GDP)-валовый внутренний продукт(ВВП)
9) economic reforms-экономические реформы
10) fiscal & monetary policy-налогово-бюджетная политика
11) reduce spending-уменьшать расходы
12) interest rates-процентная ставка
13) taxes-налоги
14) stable goods-основные продукты питания, товары первой необходимости
15) foreign debt-иностранный долг
16) value of rouble- ценность рубля
17) inflation-инфляция
18) investor-инвестор
19) investment-инвестиция
20) cost of living-стоимость жизни