Пример готовой контрольной работы по предмету: Языки (переводы)
Содержание
READING
Задание
1. Прочтите текст и выполните письменный перевод выделенного отрывка.
Market Economies
The framework of a market or capitalist system contains six essential features: private property, freedom of choice and enterprise, self-interest, competition, the price system, the role for government.
Private property.
The institution of private property is a major feature of capitalism. It means that individuals have the right to own, control and dispose of land, buildings, machinery, and other natural and man-made resources.
Freedom of choice and enterprise.
Freedom of enterprise means that individuals are free to buy and hire economic resources, to organize these resources for production, and to sell their products in the markets of their own choice. Freedom of choice means that owners of land and capital may use these resources as they see fit. It also means that workers are free to enter (and leave) any occupations for which they are qualified. Finally it means that consumers are free to spend their in any way they wish.
Self-interest.
Each unit in the economy attempts to do what is best for itself. Firms will act in ways which, they believe, will lead to maximum profits (or minimum losses).
Owners of land and capital will employ these assets so as to obtain the highest possible rewards. Workers will tend to move to those occupations and locations which offer the highest wages. Consumers will spend their incomes on those things which yield the maximum satisfaction.
Competition.
In theory competition is the regulatory mechanism of capitalism. On the one hand, it protects the customers – they have the right of choice and they benefit from the fact that competition keeps prices close to costs; on the other hand, it makes producers and suppliers of scarce resources utilize them economically, using most sophisticated technologies.
Markets and Prices.
The price system is an elaborate system of communications in which innumerable free choices are aggregated and balanced against each other. The decisions of producers determine the supply of a commodity; the decisions of buyers determine the price. Changes in demand and supply cause changes in market prices and it is these movements in market prices, which bring about the changes in the ways in which society uses its economic resources.
The role for government.
Freedom of enterprise is not total in the market economy. Businesses are subject to laws and government regulations.
Economic environment is determined by the economic policies of the government, fiscal and monetary policies being the major factors.
Задание
2. Найдите в тексте и выпишите признаки рыночной экономики в порядке следования определений.
1. It is the dominating motive of economic activity.
2. It is the principle difference between market and command systems. It is very limited.
3. It governs the process of distribution.
4. It makes prices lower
Задание
3. Выберите правильный вариант, запишите предложение.
1. I am a student of (economy, economics) now.
2. At school I didn’t study the (economy, economics) of Great Britain.
3. I hope he’ll make a good (economist, economy).
4. There are many (economic, economical) problems in the world.
5. This car is very (economic, economical).
6. I try to spend money and time (economical, economically).
7. This car (economize, economizes) fuel.
READING
Задание
4. Прочтите текст и ответьте на вопросы.
Adam Smith and His Invisible Hand of Capitalism
Adam Smith, a Scot and a philosopher who lived from 1723 to 1790, is considered the founder of modern economics. In Smith's time, philosophy was an all-encompassing study of human society in addition to an inquiry into the nature and meaning of existence. Deep examination of the world of business affairs led Smith to the conclusion that collectively the individuals in society, each acting in his or her own self-interest, manage to produce and purchase the goods and services that they as a society require. He called the mechanism by which this self-regulation occurs “the invisible hand,” in his groundbreaking book, The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776.
While Smith couldn't prove the existence of this “hand” (it was, after all, invisible) he presented many examples of its working in society. Essentially, the butcher, the baker, and the candlestick maker individually go about their business. Each produces the amount of meat, bread, and candlesticks he judges to be correct. Each buys the amount of meat, bread, and candlesticks that his household needs. And all of this happens without their consulting one another or without all the king's men telling them how much to produce. In other words, it's the free market economy in action.
In making this discovery, Smith founded what is known as classical economics. The key doctrine of classical economics is that a laissez-faire attitude by government toward the marketplace will allow the “invisible hand” to guide everyone in their economic activities, create the greatest good for the greatest number of people, and generate economic growth. Smith also delved into the dynamics of the labor market, wealth accumulation, and productivity growth. His work gave generations of economists plenty to think about and expand upon.
1. Who is Adam Smith?
2. What conclusion made Smith after deep examination of the society?
3. What is “the invisible hand” according to Adam Smith?
4. How does “the invisible hand” work in the society?
5. What is a key doctrine of the classical economics?
Задание
5. Вставьте по смыслу предложенные слова и переведите предложения письменно.
certain uncertain
exact inexact
predictable unpredictable
precise imprecise
1. You have to be very _ in this job, because a small mistake can make a big difference.
2. Are you _ that you’ll get there in time?
3. We have done this experiment before. The results are rather _.
4. Our train leaves at 10 o’clock _.
GRAMMAR
Задание
6. Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. We have _ large … family. 2. My granny often tells us _ long … interesting .. stories. 3. My … father is _ engineer. He works at _ factory. _ factory is large. 4. My … mother is _ doctor. She works at _ large … hospital. She is at … work now. 5. My … aunt is _ teacher. She works at … school. _ school is good. My … aunt is not at … school now. She is at … home. She is drinking _ tea and eating _ jam. _ jam is sweet. I am at … home, too. I am drinking _ tea and eating _ sandwich. _ sandwich is tasty. 6. My sister is at … school. She is _ pupil. 7. My cousin has _ big … black … cat.
Задание
7. Вставьте some, any, no, every или их производные.
1. Can I have _ milk? — — Yes, you can have _. 2. Will you have _ tea? 3. Give me _books, please. I have _ to read at home. 4. Put _ sugar in her tea: she does not like sweet tea. 5. Is … the matter with you? Has _ offended you? I see by your face that _ has happened. 6. We did not see _ in the hall. 7. _ was present at the lesson yesterday. 8. He is busy. He has _ time to go to the cinema with us. 9. Do you need _ books to prepare for your report? 10. Have you _ questions? Ask me _you like, I shall try to answer _question. 11. _ liked that play: it was very dull. 12. If _is ready, we shall begin our experiment.
Задание
8. Поставьте следующие предложения во множественное число.
1. This is a star. 2. This is a boy. 3. This is a baby. 4. That is a plate 5. That is a flower, j 6. That is a bookshelf . 7. Is this a sofa? 8. Is this a bookcase? 9. Is this a man? 10. Is that a ball? 11. Is that a train? 12. Is that a plane? 13. Is the window open? 14. Is the door closed? 15. Is the boy near the window? 16. That is not a king, 17. That is not a queen. 18. That is not a bus. 19. This isn't a mountain. . 20. That isn't a goose. 21. This isn't a mouse. 22. It is a sheep. 23. It is a cigarette 24. It is a cat. 25. It is not a girl. 26. It isn't a bag. 27. It isn't a tree. 28. It is not a bad egg. 29. It is a good egg. 30. Is that a flower?
READING
Задание
6. Прочтите текст и переведите письменно выделенный отрывок.
Who is Today’s Accountant?
Certified Public Accountants have passed a rigorous exam and continue to update their knowledge every year. CPAs also subscribe to a high code of conduct that includes honesty, integrity, and independence.
Today’s CPA is known as a strategic business advisor, technology guru, personal financial consultant, tax and estate planner, and fraud examiner. CPAs are found in a variety of roles working for a variety of organizations.
CPAs perform a variety of functions. Examples are:
Assurance Services. Information is all around us, but can it be trusted? If a business gives its financial statements to a bank, the bank probably requires that the information be audited. CPAs perform audits that are independent examinations. If a purchaser wants to buy something from a web site, the web site needs to be secure and reliable. CPAs test web sites so that users can trust the information provided.
Financial Planning. How do you plan to have enough money to retire comfortably? How can you make the wisest use of your money through investments? What should a business do as it grows and expands? CPAs can answer questions on planning for the future.
Technology. CPAs work with technology in doing their jobs but also in helping clients and employers use technology better. They may oversee software applications, system design, or web site development.
Tax. CPAs do tax work for individuals as well as businesses. They understand the laws and requirements. They use computers to input information and to process it in the form of tax returns, but they also know how to help individuals and businesses plan for the future. Should a small business incorporate for tax benefits? CPAs are involved in compliance, advice, and planning.
Consulting. Because CPAs have a wide knowledge of various types of businesses, they are in demand as advisors. How does an organization improve its operations? How can a business grow and expand? How should two companies structure a merger? CPAs answer these questions and more.
Задание
7. Подберите определения к словам левой колонки, запишите.
1. restatement
2. to employ
3. to adhere to
4. to accommodate
5. oddity
6. convention
7. environment
8. framework
9. guidelines
10. foregoing a) something said or written again in order to make it clear
b) to consider and include smth when you are deciding what to do
c) official instructions or advice about how to do smth
d) a system of rules, laws, agreements etc that establish the way smth operates in business, politics, or society
e) someone or something that seems strange or unusual
f) to obey a rule, law, agreement etc
g) the conditions and influences in which people carry on a particular activity
h) a way of behaving that is generally accepted as being normal and right
i) to use smth for a particular purpose
j) something that has just been mentioned
Задание
8. Найдите синонимы и запишите их парами.
1. integrity
2. merger
3. rigorous
4. estate
5. to update
6. to incorporate
7. fraud
8. conduct
9. to expand
10. purchaser
Задание
9. Поставьте нужные слова из левой колонки задания 7 в пробелы и переведите предложения.
1. In any profession there is a code of guidelines.
В каждой профессии есть принцип основной линии.
2. Before entering the Academy you are to pass foregoing examinations.
Перед тем, как поступить в Академию, вы должны сдать вышеупомянутые экзамены.
3. A convention could be profitable for both companies.
Соглашение может быть выгодно для обеих компаний.
4. We shall try to employ all our efforts to save the firm from bankruptcy.
Мы должны попытаться использовать все наши усилия, чтобы спасти компанию от банкротства.
5. The user interface needs to be accommodated.
Пользовательский интерфейс должен быть приспособлен
6. Our trade with China is steadily restatement
Наша торговля с Китаем постоянно пересматривается
7. His environment was valued at $150,000.
Его состояние было оценено в 150
00. долларов.
8. He had to adhere to admit his guilt.
9. Он должен был оставаться верен, чтобы признать свою вину
10. An experienced accountant can expose a framework.
Опытный бухгалтер может выставить рамки.
11. Oddity trust advertisements too much nowadays.
Странное доверие к рекламе — слишком много в наши дни.
Задание 10.
A) Вставьте глаголы в нужной форме.
B) Переведите предложения письменно.
1. If there (to be) a change in the amount for one item in a balance sheet, it will be always accompanied by an equal change in some other item.
Если произойдёт изменение в сумме на один пункт в балансе, он будет всегда сопровождаться таким же изменением в каком-либо другом элементе.
2. The same amount of depreciation would be evaluated each year if the accountant (to choose) the straight-line method.
Амортизации будет оценена в одну и ту же сумму ежегодно, если бухгалтер выберет линейный метод.
3. If the company (to choose) proper ways to use its assets for producing goods and rendering services, it would have earned enough revenue to stay in business.
Если компания выберет правильные способы использования своих активов для производства товаров и оказания услуг, она заработает достаточно дохода, чтобы остаться в бизнесе.
4. If a customer received commodities or promised to pay the company in the future, the revenue (to be recorded) in accounts receivable.
Если клиент получил товары или обещал заплатить компании в будущем, доходы должны быть записаны в дебиторской задолженности.
5. If cash (to be paid) to purchase equipment, this figure will be added to the asset account of a plant.
Если денежные средства подлежат выплате на приобретение оборудования, эта цифра будет добавлен к счету активов завода
Задание
11. Соедините начало и конец предложений и переведите предложения письменно.
1. A balance sheet represents the main accounting equation.
2. The statement of cash flows provides the information about the changes in the financial structure of the company.
3. The income statement summarizes the data relating to the profitability of the company and its financial position
4. The statement of retained earnings discloses the information concerning planning, control, budgeting and pricing decisions.
5. Financial accounting includes the information about a company's revenues, expenses, gains and losses.
6. Managerial accounting deals with stockholders' equity and dividends. акционеров.
GRAMMAR
Внимание!
Перед выполнением заданий 12, 13,
1. изучите раздел грамматики на стр.121-128 пособия.
Задание
12. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий.
1. Have you finished writing? 2. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful. 3. I like skiing, but my sister prefers skating. 4. She likes sitting in the sun. 5. It looks like raining. 6. My watch wants repairing. 7. Thank you for coming. 8. I had no hope of getting an answer before the end of the month. 9.I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening. 10. Let's go boating. 11. He talked without stopping. 12. Some people can walk all day without feeling tired. 13. Living in little stuffy rooms means breathing poisonous air. 14. Iron is found by digging in the earth. 15. There are two ways of getting sugar: one from beet and the other from sugar-cane. 16. Jane Eyre was fond of reading. 17. Miss Trotwood was in the habit of asking Mr. Dick his opinion. Мисс
Задание
13. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.
1. Her ring was believed (to lose) until she happened (to find) it during the general cleaning. It turned out (to drop) between the sofa and the wall. 16. They seemed (to wait) for ages.2. He seized every opportunity (to appear) in public: he was so anxious (to talk) about. 3. Is there anything else (to tell) her? I believe she deserves (to know) the state of her sick brother. 4. He began writing books not because he wanted (to earn) a living. He wanted (to read) and not (to forget).
5. I consider myself lucky (to be) to that famous exhibition and (to see) so many wonderful paintings. 6. He seems (to know) French very well: he is said (to spend) his youth in Australia. 7. The enemy army was reported (to overthrow) the defense lines and (to advance) towards the suburbs of the city. 8. The woman pretended (to read) and (not to hear) the bell. 9. You seem (to look) for trouble. 10. It seemed (to snow) heavily since early morning: the ground was covered with a deep layer of snow. 11. They seemed (to quarrel): I could hear angry voices from behind the door. 12. Perhaps it would upset her (to tell) the truth of the matter.
Задание
14. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия.
1. The boy lay sleeping when the doctor came. 2. The broken arm was examined by the doctor. 3. While being examined, the boy could not help crying. 4. Having prescribed the medicine, the doctor went away. 5. The medicine prescribed by the doctor was bitter. 6. The dress bought at the department store was very beautiful. 7. While using a needle you should be careful not to prick your finger. 8. While crossing the street one should first look to the left and then to the right. 9. People watching a performance are called an audience. 10. Being very ill, she could not go to school.11. The first rays of the rising sun lit up the top of the hill. 12. The tree struck by lightning was all black and leafless. 13. Being busy, he postponed his trip. 14. The door bolted on the in side could not be opened. 15. Having been shown the wrong direction, the travellers soon lost their way. 16. The room facing the garden is much more comfortable than this one.
Задание
15. Напишине короткое сообщение о своей будущей профессии по плану.
1. What is your future speciality?
2. Who helped you to choose your career?
3. Where do you study to obtain special knowledge?
4. What are your major subjects?
5. Do you have any practical skills in your future profession?
6. Where do you work (where are you going to work after graduation)?
7. What will be your responsibility and position after graduation?
Задание
16. Напишите аннотацию к тексту (не более
50. знаков).
Lowest cost isn’t always the answer
Lower tariffs and new markets opening to foreign investment have complicated the decision about how manufacturing should be organized, says Nikki Tait.
Visit any western toy superstore, and most of the basic products will say 'Made in China' or, perhaps, Malaysia or Indonesia. Until, that is, you reach the Lego section. Suddenly, the boxes are more likely tо identify Denmark, Switzerland or the US as the country of origin.
It might seem logical that a global company, selling into a multitude of country markets and measuring its market share in global terms, should place production facilities wherever costs are lowest. But Lego, the privately owned Danish company, has for years concentrated its manufacturing in Europe and the US, arguing that this best satisfies design and quality requirements. For Lego the notion of cost is only a small part of the production picture.
So how does a global company gо about organizing its manufacturing network? The decision has become more complicated over the past two decades due to a number of factors. On the one hand, trade barriers across much of the world have declined sharply. Simultaneously, a range of new markets — notably in Asia and Eastern Europe — has opened to foreign investment.
This has made global production much more possible. But it as also reduced the need for any overseas plants. Markets that previously demanded local production facilities — because tariff levels made importing far too expensive — can now be supplied from other countries.
Plainly, in this newly-liberalized environment, basic manufacturing costs do become more significant. But there are limits to a purely cost-driven approach. Many companies have built their current production structure through acquisitions over a number of years, rather than in a planned way.
Another problem is that costs themselves can be subject to rapid change, making today's Indonesia, for example, tomorrow's Hong Kong. This adds a further dimension to any global company's investment decision-making. The reality is that manufacturing businesses also need to think: how quickly can we pull the plug?
Some companies have addressed this issue through what is called the 'part configuration' model. This involves selecting a number of regional manufacturing bases which are viewed as longer-term investments, and augmenting them with lower-skilled assembly plants, which can more easily be moved between markets.
The availability of suitable employees also needs to be examined when investment decisions are being made. There may be close links between manufacturing and product innovation and if too much focus is put on low-cost assembly operations, product innovation tends to suffer.
Perhaps the hottest topic is whether a global company needs to be a producer at all. Outsourcing of production to other suppliers gives a company more flexibility, and fits well with a global strategy. A business may be better placed to supply differentiated products into different regional markets, and it can probably adjust more swiftly to changing cost considerations. These operational advantages come in addition to the financial benefits of outsourcing, such as lower capital employed.
But there can be pitfalls. Perhaps no company exemplifies the outsourcing trend better than Nike, the sports shoe group. On paper, its strategy of subcontract — as in the production of its shoes to local factories looks eminently sensible. But these arrangements have turned into a public relations disaster in recent years, as human rights campaigners have complained of 'sweatshop' conditions in many of the Asian plants producing Nike products. Lack of ownership, it seems, does not bring freedom from responsibility.
FINANCIAL TIMES
World business newspaper.
Выдержка из текста
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Список использованной литературы
Различные источники.
