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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER I. PUNCTUATION AS GRAMMATICAL TOOL……………………
1.1. Phonological Punctuation………………………………………………………
1.2. Morphological Punctuation…………………………………………………….
1.3. Locating Punctuation…………………………………………………………..
CHAPTER II. EXPRESIVE USE OF PUNCTUATION…………………………..
2.1. Punctuation and meaning………………………………………………………
2.2. Teaching punctuation as rhetorical tool………………………………………..
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….
THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE………………………………………..
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INTRODUCTION
Punctuation is a relatively modern invention. The modern punctuation marks we know today were not codified until around the twelfth century. Before then, manuscripts were handcopied laboriously by scribes; very early manuscripts contained no punctuation marks, paragraph divisions, or even word divisions! Given the lack of graphical clues, manuscripts could be read only by the most educated people-rabbis, clergy, scholars, and noblemen. People who were barely literate or semi-literate were unable to decipher complex ideas embedded in unpunctuated sentences whose words all ran together.
The need for punctuation arose as a direct result of the rise of democratic governments, mass education, and literacy, and these little marks (along with word and paragraph divisions) significantly improved the ordinary reader's comprehension skills. With this background in mind, it seems sensible then, to look at modern punctuation marks to see their various uses in making written prose clear and rThe most common punctuation marks in English are: capital letters and full stops, question marks, commas, colons and semi-colons, exclamation marks and quotation marks.
In speaking, we use pauses and the pitch of the voice to make what we say clear. Punctuation plays a similar role in writing, making it easier to read.
Punctuation consists of both rules and conventions. There are rules of punctuation that have to be followed; but there are also punctuation conventions that give writers greater choice.
Список использованной литературы
THE LIST OF THE USED LITERATURE
1. An examination of the origins and history of punctuation can be found in M. B. Parkes, Pause and Effect: Punctuation in the West (University of California Press, 1993.)
2. Bringhurst, “The Elements of Typographic Style”, 2005: p. 49
3. Encyclopaedia Britannica: "Punctuation.
4. Dawkins, John. "Teaching Punctuation as a Rhetorical Tool." College Composition and Communication, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Dec., 1995) (p. 533)
5. Dawkins, John. "Teaching Punctuation as a Rhetorical Tool." 2003: p. 155-156
6. Lennard, John. 2011. In/visible punctuation. Visible Language 45.121-138.
7. Schou, Karsten. 2007. The syntactic status of English punctuation. English Studies 88.195-216
8. Solomon, Martin. 2004. The power of punctuation. Visual rhetoric in a digital world: A critical sourcebook, ed. by Carolyn Handa, 282-289.
9. Schafer, John C. 1988. Punctuation and process: a matter of emphasis. English Journal 77.46-49.
10. Truss, Lynne (2003). Eats, Shoots & Leaves: The Zero Tolerance Approach to Punctuation. Profile Books. ISBN 1-86197-612-7.
11. Oxford English Dictionary: definition 2a.