Пример готовой курсовой работы по предмету: Языки (переводы)
Содержание
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 3
1 Definition and Functions of Intonation…………………………………………….
1.1 Approaches to the Intonation Study……………………………………………
1.2 Definition of Intonation………………………….
1.3 Functions of Intonation………………………………………………………..
1.3.1 Distinctive function……………………………………………….
1.3.2 Constructive function …………………………………………………
1.3.3 Intonation and text linguistics………………………………………….
1.3.4 Additional functions……………………………………………………
2 Components of Intonation in relation with it’s functions…………………………..
3 Intonation and Style of a Text…………………………………………………………
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………
Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………….
Выдержка из текста
Intonation is a main feature in the process of communication. Communication has its great goal of exchange of information. It takes more significance in modern world where the English language becomes the tool to exchange the information during bargaining, trade, health care, economic relations, education etc., almost each part of our lives.
Intonation is a feature of all languages. It could be ridiculous to speak to each other without any change of intonation. Speaking with intonation changings according to the situation is in the human nature, men and women. Different linguistic schools refer to the role and functions of intonation in various ways. As M.V. Yevstifeyeva says, intonation is a phonetic phenomenon generally studied within the following language aspects: acoustic, auditory and functional. The acoustic and auditory characteristics of intonation are combined within the perception level; the first present special interest for research work in theoretical phonetics, the second are connected with teaching practice. The functional level actualizes linguistic functions of intonation [6, p.88].
The latter is the subject of our study.
What is the role of intonation in the language? We cannot separate intonation and communication. Intonation is a powerful tool to express meaning. There is no sentence without a particular intonation in any language and no meaning can be expressed without it[ ].
Intonation is the most unusual feature of speech. There are some marks that help us to define the sentences in written speech and thus to ease the understanding. These marks are question marks, exclamation points, and commas. However, there are no such symbols in oral speech. That is a phenomenon of oral speech. And we never know how sounded the speech in the past, in different countries or even regions of our own country.
Referring to the Russian language, in a phrase, the most important function of intonation is to indicate the completeness, or non-completeness of a statement. Intonation may beassigned to a single word, a small group of words – a nuclear part or even a syllable. For Example, "Really?" — "Really".
Another important function of intonation is the definition of interrogative, exclamation or affirmative (narrative) statements. Actually, these types of tones common to all languages in the world.
Narrative intonation characterizes the lowering of tone in the last syllable, and antecedent to, slight Raise of the pitch. The highest pitch is the intonational Raise, the lowest — intonational Fall. In the simplest phrase can be one top and one fall. In more complex statements can be several Raises, and they are preceded by a partial fall of intonation, or more falls.
In an interrogative tone there are two types: a) if we are talking about the entire statement, there is a rising tone on the last syllable, and b) the word to which you sent the question has a higher pitch
Exclamation intonation can display: a) actual exclamation; b) showing the encouraging motive, order and so on.
Again, speaking of the Russian language, the researchers combine these types of intonation in the term logical tone. That is, it is possible to know what is the nature of the statements.
Also, Intonation serves to connect or disconnectthe words and phrases. Here it comes the proper use of pauses (commas) when building a phrase.There is also such a thing as individuality. Each person has his own manner of use of intonation. Even here we are not talking about the situation of the conversation (if it's a scientific conference or speech twisters), it is due to individual characteristics we can easily distinguish one person from another, only by way of conversation.
Whether it is possible to formulate a definition of what is intonation? For example, the Director of the Institute of linguistics Maxim Krongauz said that intonation is the most mysterious area of phonetics [2].
It is still not well understood, so there are many hypotheses in this area. There are many factors that have an influence on whether pleasant our conversant or not.This quality is intuitive in human being, but helps greatly during the speech.
Often occurs borrowing of intonating tone by one language from another. The media, in particular, contribute to this greatly. For example, from English-speaking countries to Russia came the fashion of the television announcers to finish the phrase with the accent on the last words. We cannot capture the intonation that is why it changes. In particular, the theatres, movies and television are the primary lawmakers of the historical changes, because it is able to convey depicted information to the society.
In particular, as Anna Petrova, a teacher of scenic speech, doctor of arts, professor, noticed about the character of an era, the manner of human speech always corresponds to its time. Because there are cliches in the speech, often lost its naturalness and vitality. If this occurs hence the search for other means of expression thoughts and feelings starts.By the departure of an era, the appropriate intonation goes away simultaneously. However, the sad fact that in most of the historical movements it is not the progress, but cultural decline. It is noticed that media brings more negative innovations, wrong, strange intonations, and grammatically incorrect structures.
Well, we are not supposed to be so pessimistic as science and linguistics, in particular,move forward. New activities to attract the masses to the questions of the correctness of the construction of speech have been deliberated and established. There are new techniques that are able to attract people to draw their attention to the manner of speakingand intonation, etc.
Intonation plays a special role in prose and poetic speech. Normally, verse form of presentation has its fixed rules and manners of speech. Depending on the genre and nature of verse, there are some special characteristics of intonation.Thus, the phenomenon of intonation is the complex and multidimensional subject.It requires consideration in the system's inherent properties and approaches.
The study of this subject is actual nowadays because scientific research of the functional aspect of intonation have been initiated relatively recently and there are still many gaps in this knowledge. Besides, understanding the functions of intonation can greatly improve your personal success, as possessing the right techniques of conducting the conversation, you can conciliate the people and to achieve your goals.
Список использованной литературы
1. Nikolayeva T.M. Otzvuka k textu. — M.: Yazykirusskoykultury, 2000. – 680 pp.
2. Radio «Freedom». Intonation of oral speech. January, 27.– 2006 /http://www.svoboda.org/a/129847.html
3. Sokolova M.A., Tihonova I.S., Tihonova R.M., Fredlina Y.L. Teoreticheskayaphonetikaangliyskogoyazyka. — Dubna: Fenix +, 2010. – 192 pp.
4. Sokolova M.A., Gintovt K.P. and others. Prakticheskayaphinetikaangliyskogoyazyka. — M.: Vysshayashkola, 1997. – 384 pp.
5. Vrabel T.T. Lectures in theoretical phonetics of the English language and method-guides for seminars. – Ungvar: PoliPrint, 2000. – 176 pp.
6. Yevstifeyeva M.V. Teoreticheskayaphonetikaangliyskogoyazyka. Lekcii, seminary, uprazhnenija. — M.: FLINTA: Nauka. 2012. – 168 pp.
