Ответы на билеты по предмету: Языкознание и филология (Пример)
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4.The problem of linguistic meaning. Types of linguistic meaning. Main approaches to the definition of meaning.
Semasiology (or semantics ) is a branch of linguistics which studies meaning . There are three main categories of definitions which may be referred to as :-analytical or referential definition of meaning — functional or contextual definition of meaning,- operational or information-oriented definition of meaning
1. Analytical or referential definition of meaning. They seek to find the essence of meaning establishing the interdependence between words of the objects or phenomena they denote. The best known analytical model of meaning is the so-called "basic triangle". 1st component — sound form of the linguistic sign. 2nd component — concept. 3rd component — referent (object of reality).
Sound-form: Meaning is in a way of correlation b/w the sound form of the word, the underline concept & the concrete object it denotes. They are connected directly that means that if we hear a sound-form a certain idea arises in our mind & the idea brings out a certain referent that exists in the reality . But the sound-form & the referent are connected indirectly because there are no objects or phenomena in the reality that predict a certain sound-form , that need to be named by a certain sequence of sounds . The strongest point in the approach is an attempt to link the notion of meaning with the process of naming the objects , processes or phenomena of concrete reality . The analytical definitions of meaning are usually criticized on the grounds that they cannot be applied to sentences .
Concept (or our thought) 1. is a category of human cognition 2 is the thought of an object that singles out its essential features. 3 is a result of abstraction & generalization Concept is the same for everybody in a definite period of time. # дом — house, home meaning concept
Referent Meaning is linguistic whereas the object is beyond the level of language. One referent/object can be named different names. #a cat (object): -cat, kitty, murca, my sweet heart.
Conclusion: Meaning is not to be identical with any of 3 points of the triangle but is closely connected with them.
Critics on this approach: 1.The referential definition of meaning can hardly be applied to semantic additions that come to the surface in the process of communication . 2. It can not be applied to sentences. e. g. The sentence " I like to read long novels " does not express single notion , it represents composites of notions specifying the relations between them. 3. The referential approach fails to account for that fact that one word may denote different objects & phenomena . That is the case of polysemy . On the other hand one & the same object may be denoted by different words & that is the case of synonymy .
2. Functional or contextual definitions of meaning.- It maintains that the meaning of a linguistic unit can be studie
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1. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Parts /branches of lexicology. The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics.
Lexicology – 'science of the word', a branch of linguistics, which basic task is a study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use.
general lexicology – part of general linguistics, is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language;
special lexicology – the lexicology of a particular language, i.e. the study and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units, primarily words as the main units of language.; special lexicology is based on the principles worked out and laid down by general lexicology, a general theory of vocabulary. Special lexicology employs synchronic (q.v.) and diachronic (q.v.) approaches:- special descriptive lexicology (synchronic lexicology) – deals with the vocabulary and vocabulary units of a particular language at a certain time- special historical lexicology (diachronic lexicology) – deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time.
Branches:Semantics – studies meanings of words.Etymology – origin of words.Phraseology – special lexical units (idioms, set-phrases, etc.)Lexicography – an applied branch – deals with science of compiling dictionaries.
Lexicology can study the development of the vocabulary, the origin of words and word-groups, their semantic relations and the development of their sound form and meaning. In this case it is called historical lexicology.
Another branch of lexicology is called descriptive and studies the vocabulary at a definite stage of its development.
Lexicology is closely connected with other branches of linguistics: phonetics, for example, investigates the phonetic structure of language & is concerned with the study of the outer sound-form of the word. Grammar is the study of the grammatical structure of language. It is concerned with the various means of expressing grammatical relations between words as well as with patterns after which words are combined into word-groups & sentences. There is also a close relationship between lexicology & stylistics, which is concerned with a study of a nature, functions & styles of languages.
Lexicology presents a wide area of knowledge.Historical lexicology deals with the historic change of words in the course of lang. development. Comparative lexicology studies closely relative languages from the point of view of their identity and differentiation. Contrastive — both relative and unrelative languages establishes differences and similarity. Applied lexicology — translation, lexicography, pragmatics of speech.
Lexicology investigates various meaning relations existing in the lang., how the lexicon words to provide and support meaningful communication.Each word is a part of entire system language vocabulary. Every item of a language stands closely with 2 other items.the sintagmatic level the paradygmatic level.
On the sintagmatic level the semantic structure of a word is analyzed in it’s linear relationships with neighbouring words.
On the paradigmatic level — relationship with other words in the vocabulary system: synonyms, polysemantic words, antonyms.
Closely connected with Historical Lexicology is Contrastive and Comparative Lexicology whose aims are to study the correlation between the vocabularies of two or more languages, and find out the correspondences between the vocabulary units of the languages under comparison. Needless to say, one can hardly overestimate the importance of Contrastive Lexicology as well as of Comparative Linguistics in general for the purpose of class-room teaching of foreign languages. Of primary importance in this respect is the comparison of the foreign language with the mother tongue.Comparative Lexicology is closely connected with Cognitive Lexicology, which is based on the assumption that words of the language represent our knowledge of the world which is the result of cognitive process. It studies the was human knowledge is represented in vocabulary and also studies the laws of vocabulary acquisition
Список использованной литературы
ynonymy.Synonyms are the words of the same part of speech different in their sound-form but similar in their meaning and interchangeable at least in one context.There are very few perfect synonyms. They usually differ in some aspect of their meaning — according to this they can be ideographic (differ in denotational component: referential and conceptual) and stylistic (connotational component: emotive charge and stylistic reference).
- Ideographic synonyms express the same concept but present it in slightly different ways (clever-intelligent-bright).
- Stylistic (to love -to adore; insane-mad).
Some stylistic synonyms expres
