Пример готового реферата по предмету: Языкознание и филология
Содержание
CONTENTS
1. Introduction————————————————————3
2. Common characteristics————————————————-4
3. The terms ‘pidgin’ and ‘creole’—————————————-6
4. Theories of origin——————————————————8
5. Developmental stages of pidgins/creoles——————————-11
6. Conclusion————————————————————14
7. Bibliography———————————————————-15
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1. Introduction
The study of pidgin and creole languages has been undermined in the past by the widely held belief that these languages are of little merit to linguistic studies, being more notable for the features they lack rather than those they possess. “The pidgin English spoken these days is about the most atrocious form of speech perhaps one could find in any corner of the globe. It is neither one thing nor the other. Consisting of a mixture of Samoan and Chinese here and there, with an occasional word of Malayan, it is a conglomeration truly worthy of the tower of Babel”. (Rabaul Times, 16 October 1925; quoted (McMahon, 1994, :253))
Pidgins and creoles were considered as broken and corrupted forms of language, the product of stunted cognitive and in some cases physical capacity on the part of those who spoke them. European languages were deemed far too sophisticated to be learnt by “primitive” natives. According to one writer commenting in 1849 “that people used to expressing themselves with a rather simple language cannot easily elevate their intelligence to the genius of a European language . . . it was necessary that the varied expressions acquired during so many centuries of civilization dropped their perfection, to adapt to ideas being born and to barbarous forms of language of half-savage peoples” quoted (Aitchison, 2001, :221).
The immediate aim of this paper is to present a theory of pidgin and creole origins from what will henceforth be referred to as the “classical” point of view. In essence this will allow the construction of a theory of pidginization and creolization according to what is generally supported amongst creolists and operates as the basis for a great deal of those studies relating to the discipline. The following discussion of pidgin languages intends to define pidgins from the classical point of view i.e. that point of view which considers pidgins and creoles to be inherently linked in line with a family tree model of language genesis. Such an approach is adopted to establish the popular standpoint before proceeding to offer an alternative opinion regarding how and where pidgin languages developed as well as their relationship to creole languages.
Список использованной литературы
Bibliography
1. Aitchison, J. (2001).
Language Change: Process or Decay? (3rd edition).
Cambridge University Press.
2. McMahon, A. M. S. (1994).
Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press.
3. Goilo, E. (1972).
Papiamentu Textbook. Aruba: de Wit Stores N.V.
4. Hall, R. A. (1966).
Pidgin and Creole Languages. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
5. Holm, J. (1980).
Pidgins and Creoles Volume 1 Theory and Structure. Cambridge Language Surveys.
6. Holm, J. (2004).
Languages in Contact The Partial Restructuring of Vernaculars. Cambridge University Press.
7. Klein, W Perdue, C. (1997).
The Basic Variety (or: Couldn’t natural languages be much simpler?).
Second Language Research, 13(4), 301– 347.
